Covalent bonds are characterized by what type of interaction?

Covalent bonds are characterized by the sharing of electrons between two atoms. This type of interaction occurs when atoms share pairs of electrons to achieve stability in their outer electron shells, which is crucial for forming molecules. For instance, in a water molecule (H2O), the oxygen atom shares electrons with two hydrogen atoms, allowing all involved atoms to achieve a more stable electronic arrangement.

This sharing can occur in single, double, or even triple bonds, depending on how many pairs of electrons are shared. The ability to form covalent bonds is fundamental to organic chemistry and the formation of complex biological molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, making it a key concept in the study of chemistry relevant to the field of esthetics and cosmetology.